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The old hospital and the scourge of beriberi

From the Island’s earliest settlement days until the 1990s, the Christmas Island Hospital had been located in Settlement on Gaze Road (in the early days known as “Waterfall Road”). In 1995 it was replaced by a new hospital built on Phosphate Hill Road. The “old hospital” as it then became known (current buildings built and extended between the years of 1930-1970), was eventually converted into very comfortable holiday accommodation.

However, these were just the latest incarnation of even earlier hospital buildings. I say “buildings” because they themselves were originally in different locations and had variously been burnt down/removed, damaged and destroyed by storms.

Firstly, there were hospital wards and a beriberi hospital. A 1901 map shows these structures. There was also a notation that the four hospital wards were to be removed. Using a map overlay you can see where these wards and beri beri hospital were approximately located. The burial ground was located at the top of the map.

Hospital wards map overlay

A couple of years later, the “hospital wards” shown on an early map above are gone.

Hospital buildings map overlay

The original beriberi hospital is now labelled as “Ward No. 1”. It is interesting to note that on Google Earth there appears to be scarring on the cliffs where the hospital wards 1 and 3 were located. These map overlays are not perfectly accurate but they do give a good indication of what was where when.

Also, I have an original photo of the beriberi hospital when it was just a stand alone building. Unfortunately that original photo is terribly faded but I was able to bring back much of the detail.

Beri beri hospital
Fran Yeoh – Restored photo personal collection

It was during this restoration that I was able to see men on the verandahs. They were previously invisible.

In the enlarged image below you can see a man on the left laying on the verandah; his arm over his face. Further along you can just make out the bare legs of another man. It appears he is laying on his stomach and a man is squatting next to him. Keep in mind that the time period of when this photo was taken, at least 404 men had died from beri beri; probably more.

You can see in the small gallery below, the hospital in 1904 and then, after subsequent storm damage, in 1908 and again in 1910.

" ... one of the hospital buildings. The shed below is the mortuary, where corpses are placed for not more than a few hours previous to their burial." Durham, H. E. (1904). Notes on Beri-beri in the Malay Peninsula and on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). The Journal of Hygiene, 4(1), 112–155
Damage to the hospital after a storm in 1908
Damage to the hospital after a storm in 1908
"Taken 21 January 1910 - Damage done to the Old Hospital by the sea" National Archives of Australia R32 CIPC 3/24B

A 1916 map shows 2 new hospital buildings were built further away from the cliff edge and were located at approximately where the barrarcks shops now sit. Ward No. 1 (original beriberi hospital and ward 3 are now gone); having being badly damaged by the 1908 storm (photos above).

The 1910 photo above was labelled “damage to the old hospital by the sea”; the words “old hospital” indicating that any surviving buildings there after 1908 were no longer in use as a hospital.

The magnificent photos of the hospital facilities below (before their destruction from the storm) provide an absolutely fascinating and clear glimpse into the past. They were taken by Dr William MacDougall during his time on Christmas Island between 1904-1908 and featured in his thesis “Beriberi on Christmas Island with special reference to diet” that you can read in full here.

© William MacDougall. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School thesis and dissertation collection 1909

Label on top of photo says “Main hospital in distance : Dispensary is left”
Label under photo buildings L to R says “Kitchens, ward near sea, main hospital building” (foreground)
© William MacDougall. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School thesis and dissertation collection 1909

Label on photo says “Main hospital in distance : Dispensary”
© William MacDougall. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School thesis and dissertation collection
This photo appears to be even earlier than the ones above as the Dispensary appears to have an atap roof.

Beriberi is a thiamine deficiency (lack of vitamin B1) and was a scourge that ran rampant through the coolie population in the early years of mining on the island. Bear in mind that at this time the cause of beriberi was unknown though diet was suspected to be linked.

In his thesis Dr MacDougall gave the admission and mortality figures for beriberi. The statistics were alarming. Dr MacDougall stated that Beriberi soon appeared in the coolie population after the commencement of mining in 1898. There was no qualified medical man until 1900 and that statistics only started to be kept from April 1901. If the death statistic for 1901 (from April) was 229 men, could one assume a similar figure for the preceding years? And, according to Clayton [a civil service officer] 80 men had died from the beginning of October 1900 until March 1901. John Hunt’s book delves into the story of beriberi on the island in great detail.

I find the two photos below, of the same man, rather poignant. Statistics are one thing but he puts a human face to the suffering of this disease. He was in the hospital for an unbelievable 3 1/2 years!

Label on photo says “Atrophic beriberi – duration of disease = 6 months”
© William MacDougall. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School thesis and dissertation collection

Label on photo says “Same case … 18 months (in hospital 3 1/2 years)”
© William MacDougall. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School thesis and dissertation collection

In Dr MacDougall’s thesis he says of this man “I had one case that lay almost inert for 2 1/2 years and at the end of 3 1/2 years was sent back to China able to walk, slowly with the aid of a stick it is true, but able to look after himself.”

I wonder what became of this poor man after he returned to his home in China. Did he fully recover? We will never know. So many of his fellow workers never left the island alive having succumbed to beriberi.

More than 80 men had died from the beginning of October 1900 until March 1901. The burial ground was only 220 yards (200 metres) from the hospital and was filling up fast. Coffins were found by Clayton [a civil service officer] to be less than 6 inches (15cm) below the surface – a clear health hazard. On his recommendation this practice was stopped, and in April 1901 the bodies were exhumed and reburied about a mile (1600 metres) along the coastal track to Waterfall … The original graveyard is clearly shown on a 1 January 1901 map. In the 1960s when the foundations were being dug for the new nurses’ quarters close to Rocky Point, dozens of pigtails of human hair were discovered – all that remained on the site of the young coolies who had been buried there.

John Hunt, Suffering through strength, page 27 and 28
The nurses’ quarters are now known as the VQ3 Lodge.

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Christmas Island Archives was selected for preservation by the State Library of Western Australia. It is now listed in perpetuity on PANDORA, Australia’s website archive established by the National Library of Australia.

Grant acknowledgement

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An ammunition cave used by the Japanese during the An ammunition cave used by the Japanese during their occupation of Christmas Island in WW2. The circular opening in the wall is where I believe a ventilation pipe was inserted. Its purpose was to keep a stable temperature and extract noxious fumes. Its use as an ammunition cave may have predated WW2. To find out more about this cave read Helena van der Riet's excellent thesis "The Archaeology of the Japanese World War II Occupation of Christmas Island". It can be found on my website (see link in my bio) under the "Documents" section. 
#christmasisland #cave #ammunition #ww2 #ww2history #worldwar2 #worldwar2history #japaneseoccupation #ww2japanese #christmasislandarchives
I love Victor Purcell's observations of human beha I love Victor Purcell's observations of human behaviour on Christmas Island in 1926. The European community caused him the most angst.
#christmasisland #christmasislandhistory #history #islandlife #colonial #straitssettlements #christmasislandarchives
An old water tank near South Point located along t An old water tank near South Point located along the old railway track. I understand that a couple of years ago it was totally overgrown by the jungle and was invisible until it was cleared.
#christmasisland #ruin #relic #industrialrelic #watertank #colonial #christmasislandarchives
Back in 2020 as we were leaving the Old European C Back in 2020 as we were leaving the Old European Cemetery my sis-in-law @mily_barrett spotted this now 72 year old engraving in the concrete path. A nice little reminder from a long gone workman that he was once doing a job there.
"1.7.1951
Pipe Repar" ... 
The last seen letter is partially obscured. The word repair has likely been misspelt?
#christmasisland #history #christmasislandhistory #relic #cemetery #path #oldpath #christmasislandarchives
A sad end for Norman Howard. His gravesite lies in A sad end for Norman Howard. His gravesite lies in the Old European Cemetery on Christmas Island. His story and the mystery loss of his headstone lead to a surprising misidentification of his gravesite. Read about it now on my website. See bio for link. Look under “latest updates” for “Norman Howard - turning in his grave”.
"In memory of Norman Howard
European Overseer
Aged 32
Died 6.3.24"
#christmasisland #straitssettlements #christmasislandhistory #cemetery #headstone #gravesite #grave #colonialhistory #christmasislandarchives
Straits settlement 1 cent coins that I found parti Straits settlement 1 cent coins that I found partially buried. The verdigris colour of one of them caught my eye. How I came to be in that specific spot to find them is another whole story LOL. I donated them to the Island's Tai Jin House museum.
Left top to bottom:
Tails side “Straits Settlements 1936”.
Head side “George V King and Emperor of India” 
Right top to bottom:
Tails side “Commissioners of Currency Malaya 1939”
Head side “George VI King Emperor”
There was another 1 cent coin found along with these as well and was dated 1943. 
I am not sure if such a small denomination would have been used for gambling? However, it has been told that on the Island when Straits Settlement coins were no longer a viable currency they would be saved and then scattered/given as offerings to the good brothers during the Hungry Ghost month. I found these coins during that very month in an area that metal detectorists had been over previously. Perhaps the coins were revealed to me 🙂
#christmasisland #christmasislandhistory #christmasislandrelic #relic #relichunting #indianoceanislands #ghostmonth #straitssettlementscoins #straitssettlements #oldcoins #christmasislandarchives
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