Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) - Historical stories, ruins, relics, and other interesting things
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In 1864, Captain E. G. Gardner of the brig Guyon stopped at Christmas Island and recorded his remarkable encounter with an island that was almost unknown to the outside world. His account is one of only a few early documented descriptions of Christmas Island and includes a funny maritime surveying “success”. Read it here.
A photograph of James Kang, the Japanese occupation collaborator whose conduct is detailed in this article’s 14 witness statements, has now been added. It’s a rare image, being a detail from a group photograph that pre-dates the war. See it here.
Sara Maude Robertson, whose headstone is the grandest in the Old European Cemetery, has had a lovely update to her story. You can now see what Sara looked like. The update also further clears up some confusion with another doctor of the same surname, Dr Murray Robertson, who original shipping notices confirm was the Dr Robertson who visited the Island during the beriberi epidemic in 1901. There’s more too. New detail on Sara’s time as a doctor in Blackridge, Scotland, and the moving farewell her community gave her there. Have a read of her remarkable story here.
The Historical Stories, Articles and Accounts page has had a refresh. You can now browse by theme using the new expandable categories at the top of the page. The full chronological list remains further down for those who prefer to browse by date. Check it out here.
A newly surfaced 1936 newspaper article gives a colourful account of Christmas Island from 1906 to 1909, from a lady in sudden need of rescue in her own garden, to a pumelo dessert fit for a king. But was its author, W. Rus. Darling, really the Island’s “Governor” as he claimed? Read the full account here.
The recommended reading page has been updated with three new book reviews.
A photograph of Karl Ystenes has been found. His headstone stands in the Old European Cemetery on Christmas Island and now we can finally put a face, albeit a young one, to the name. View his photo at the Christmas Island Virtual Museum.
The Christmas Island Virtual Museum has had a complete makeover and is now living right here on the Christmas Island Archives server at its very own address – museum.christmasislandarchives.com.
Previously hosted on The Collecting Bug, the museum has been rebuilt from the ground up with a fresh new look. You can browse and search all the objects, filter by category, period or type, and view detailed images of each item. Whether you’re interested in coins, artefacts, ephemera or historical locations, there’s something to explore.
This is very much an ongoing project. If you have any good clear photos of Christmas Island relic and coin finds, historic ephemera or early historical photographs, the Archives would love to hear from you — all contributions can be kept anonymous if preferred.
christmasislandarchives@gmail.com
“The Coolie Ode” has been known to bring a tear to the eye of some Christmas Islanders who have read or heard it recited. A poignant image of a barefoot coolie whose gaze speaks of a life of hardship has been added to accompany the verse as well as a group photograph. Additionally, photos of the memorial referenced in the verse have also been added. See them all here.
A fascinating historical account of Island Manager John Paris’s return to Christmas Island after WWII. He arrived to a dirty, decaying chaos. In his diary-report he details damage, living conditions, and efforts to restore mining operations. Read it here.
The “Historic Newspaper Articles” and “Stories & Articles” pages have been combined into one — “Historical Stories, Articles and Accounts”. Everything can now be easily browsed together in chronological order.
More amazing historical accounts are coming!
New, very unique photos have been added to this story. They show the rescue plane flying over the Island, medical supplies being parachuted in and a group photo of hospital staff taken around the time period of the story. Photos courtesy of Verity Younger & children Alice & Thomas Herbert. See them here.
The papers of Home Davies, Acting District Officer on Christmas Island in 1955, discovered during a house clearance, have now been uploaded. You can read them here.
Find out the latest news on the Mandor’s Quarters (aka Virgins’ Castle) site. Things have been happening. What is being planned for the site? Read all about it here in this updated article.
A short but astonishing account of two Christmas Island Phosphate Company directors and their audacious request during a meeting with a submarine commander during WW2. Read all about it here.
Six new B.P.C. drawings have been added. They show the existing floor plans of Tai Jin House in 1970, locations of the surrounding buildings, and floor plans of the servants/gardeners and cook’s quarters/store rooms from 1967 and 1969. The floor plans of Tai Jin House are quite different from today. You can see them towards the end of the article.
Four new photos have been added to the article showing:
There is quite a fascinating history with regards to the building of the District Officer’s houses on Christmas Island. Yes! There was more than one. This story includes early tender advertisements for the quarters, some ripper photos and more. Mention is made of an initial grand alternative to the road leading to Smith Point. Why was it a pipe dream? Who were the Tai Jins? You can read all about it here.
Some details have been gleaned about the Island’s school teacher and education on the Island during WW2 and immediately after the Japanese withdrawal. Learn which language was banned at school and what habits the children had to learn then unlearn. What was in the headmaster’s report and what was on his booklist for a school with no supplies? Read all about it, and more, here.
Jack Pettigrew was one of a handful of Europeans left on Christmas Island before the Japanese invasion. He tells of preparations being made, Japanese bombardment, mutiny, imprisonment, living and working conditions, states of mind of his fellow P.O.W.s and more. Perhaps the best in depth account of life as a P.O.W. on the Island. Read the article here.
There is a new article exclusively on Captain Ando who was the commander of the invading Japanese force on Christmas Island in 1942. Previously Ando’s information had been tacked on the end of Tom Cromwell’s story. This has now been rewritten with more details, including descriptions of Ando by Aussie P.O.W.s in Ambon. You can read it here.
More accounts and updates have been added to the list of historical people passing by Christmas Island. New entries are William Mynors 1643, Willem de Vlamingh 1697, Captain Daniel Beekman 1714, Sir Edward Belcher 1843, Edward Blaney 1851. For those that are curious, there are details about how the Rev. Lowe met his fate with Chinese pirates in China. Also included is a lovely, little known, biographical entry about Captain William Mynors in a 1662 book. See them here.
It’s most interesting to see who has sailed by Christmas Island throughout the years. Three more accounts have been added to the page “We were but sailing by – early impressions of Christmas Island“; Commodore Anson in 1744, Captain A.J. Von Krusenstern of the imperial Navy in 1806 and W. Hastings Macaulay in 1852. Where possible, images of the ships have also now been included.
A further snippet of information about Japanese Commander Ando, found in a biographical list, has been added towards the end of Tom Cromwell’s story.
In this new article, Tom Cromwell gives an account of the Japanese invasion of Christmas Island and life as a P.O.W. Apart from his account, there are also further details as to the fate of Chinese Christmas Islanders sent to work at a ship building company in Borneo. Also some more information about Commander Ando who was initially in command on Christmas Island when the Japanese first invaded. Read all about it here.
Captain Williams and his four NCOs were murdered by some of their own mutinous troops prior to the Japanese invasion of Christmas Island in March 1942. In a 2005 interview, his son Brian and granddaughter Susan Anne related an extraordinary and poignant story telling of survival, tragedy and more. There was also a cover-up. Read the story here.
This story focuses on Charles Thomas Prideaux who was buried on Christmas Island in 1927 and was the European pilot for the Christmas Island Phosphate Co. Read his story here.
William Dampier and his account of Christmas Island in 1697 has been added to the page We were but sailing by – Early impressions of Christmas Island.
An image of the “Order for Burial” has been added to the Benjamin Hobson – Lost in the Old European Cemetery story.
Around midnight on the 28th September 1925 two men attempt to rob the offices of the Christmas Island Phosphate Company. They and a third accomplice are caught. The ensuing court case has a surprise ending. Find out what happens here.
Check out the new Christmas Island Virtual Museum (CIVM) showcasing artefacts, coins, ephemera, and so much more.
May 2026 – The Museum now has its own dedicated home here.
How an English newspaper in 1934 came to the rescue of the Island’s chickens: Read all about it here.
The WW2 Death Register for Christmas Island has just been transcribed. You can read all about it as well as view the Register here.
The WW2 article “Teacup in a storm” written by former Islander Ian Foster, first appeared on CI Archives in 2019. Ian has just updated it. Find out what took place on, over and around Christmas Island during the Second World War in this excellent greatly expanded article that also includes maps. You can read it here.
A new photo, from the 1970s/80s has been added to the page. It shows a side view of the Mandors’ quarters aka Virgin Castle and interestingly shows the residents’ vegetable patches and a mature tree at the front of the building facing the road. You can see the updated page here.
A first hand account from an American naval officer stranded on the Island just prior to a mutiny and Japanese invasion. The account finishes with a chilling ending. You can read it here.
The story about the wartime Shinto Shrine site has been updated with new information and photos that includes one of the partial uncovering of a final set of steps leading to the shrine. They have until now been invisible having been covered by coral vine. See the updated page here.
This is the story about the place name Irvine Hill. But a map from 1904 shows a slightly different name. It wasn’t always called “Hill” and it seems a story has been lost. And who was Irvine anyway? Read all about it here.
The story of Norman Howard’s tragic fate and how his gravesite identity was lost and replaced by the “Unknown Sailor”. Was there a deception or just a strange sequence of events? Read the story here.
The Island was bombed by the Americans on a “surveillance” mission early in 1944. Also, there was a British submarine attack later that year and a SIA (Secret Intelligence Australia) group landed in 1945. Read all about it and see a photo of the aerial bombs falling above the incline here.
An article by Harchand Singh Bedi about the Sikh policemen and their long presence on Christmas Island including some excellent photos. Read it here.
Find out about the story behind Benjamin Hobson’s lost gravesite in the Old European Cemetery. Read it here.
What deep sea creature lurking in the depths around Christmas Island in 1868 would be strong enough to grab the anchor of a ship and tow it for the best part of a day? Read the strange account here.
The sad fate of a young doctor only recently arrived on Christmas Island in 1902. Read about it here.
On a ruin wall at South Point, a date and initials were etched into the drying concrete during the construction of that building: Aug 1928 W.H.R. Who was W.H.R.? Find out here.
Back in 2018 I wrote an article about possibly the first painting of Christmas Island. It was a watercolour dating to 1830. Last September I was contacted by Professor Alan Atkinson. He was able to tell me the name of the ship that the artist was travelling on and discussed the watermark that was on the watercolour paper. It’s a little bit of a mystery. You can find the “update”, that I’ve just published, at the end of the article. Read it here.
The lost Shinto shrine of Christmas Island. Why were the Islanders apprehensive when it was burnt down after the Japanese left in 1945? Read all about it here.
The claimed naming of Christmas Island by Americans in an article that enters into the realms of fiction. Read it here.
A story of immense bravery shown by an RAF doctor who parachuted onto Christmas Island in 1956, during very bad weather, to save the life of a woman. Read it here.
I have recently acquired two original photos relating to Dr Allan (who first arrived on the Island in 1908). One shows him in uniform in 1917 and another of his headstone in 1926 at the Hong Kong Cemetery. Also in my possession is a letter he wrote to his cousin before he passed away and a photo of that is also included. You can see them here.
A story about a death at the Island brothel dating from 1916. There is probably a moral to the story somewhere but I’ll let you decide that. You can read it here.
There is a significant historical site that is linked to the Clunies-Ross family. On a hillside they left behind a carving in rock dating back to 1894. See it here.
Captain George Kinloch was sent to Christmas Island in 1941. Whilst there he wrote letters to his sister in Scotland. They were only just rediscovered in February 2021 whilst an attic was being cleared out. Captain Kinloch was sent to the Island in command of installing the 6 inch naval gun, preparing defences and training the locals. Read his letters here.
I’m excited to be able to add two photos of the World War 2 English pillbox that could once be seen in Flying Fish Cove. See them here under the “update”.
A mystery bottle fragment that I found four years ago on the Island has finally been identified. Find out more on the “update” on the page.
A century old horseshoe find. A tangible reminder of when our equine friends lived and worked on Christmas Island during its early mining days. Find out more here including about the stable locations.
Read about some historical steps that can be found on a cliff-side. An old map reveals their name and gives a clue as to their age. Find out more here.
Peter Grimes was probably one of the most “colourful” characters to ever grace the shores of Christmas Island. He was a handsome, charming and intelligent man; also an unscrupulous con artist! Read his amazing story here.
Accounts of threats, torture and rape in witness statements against collaborator James Kang after World War 2. Former prostitutes procured against their will, Malays threatened with reduction of food rations and the Chinese given electric shocks. Read their statements here.
1942 brought dark days to Christmas Island. Here is an article about the leadup to the revolt by the Indian soldiers prior to the Japanese invasion and the aftermath. Read it here.
A first hand account of the shipwrecking of the Dutch barque Vice Admiraal Rijk and the nearly two month struggle for survival on Christmas Island by three survivors. Read this fantastic story here.
An extra verse has been added to “The Coolie Ode”. You can read it here.
New images! Japanese naval forces come ashore on the 31st March 1942. See rare images of them shortly after their invasion along with an English translation of the Japanese commentary. Go here to see them.
I’ve been able to add a fantastic photographic portrait of Ong Sam Leong (1857-1918), to the article titled “Heaven and Earth on Christmas Island“. He was the first labour contractor to Christmas Island.
Life’s choices often lead to new paths that one could not imagine. This is what happened when Edna Thomas took up a teaching position on Christmas Island in 1957. Read her story here.
Descriptions of the early coolie houses, their location, images and more can be found in this fascinating article. Read all about it here.
The first brotherhood on Christmas Island were the Hungmen (洪門) or the Heaven and Earth Society (天地會). But what did they do? Find out here.
Two accounts with mentions of secret society activity on Christmas Island dating from 1946 and 1956 with a claim of triad activity at South Point in 1934/35. Read them here.
Another addition has been added to the page “We were but sailing by – early impressions of Christmas Island” (look under c1857). This time it is an entry from a sailor-boy’s log. Read it here.
Two wonderful old photos, that were rescued, are revealed. They date from the earliest days on Christmas Island and their subject matter is quite unique. Check them out here.
The year is 1947 and Joan Richardson is frantically packing. The “Islander” leaves Fremantle shortly for Christmas Island. Read the story here.
A lost hospital found, eye diseases, an interesting method of eye massage, “dry ice” treatments, and an upset deity are just some of the interesting things to be found from an amazing document featured on the Archives. Also photos, maps and charts! Read it all here.
One of the accounts of the 1888 annexation of Christmas Island reveals an interesting fact. Find out what it is here.
In 1896 Arthur Louis Keyser visited Christmas Island in his capacity as Commissioner. He writes about life on the Island; the natural environment and of the small Clunies-Ross settlement. All of this at a time before the commencement of phosphate mining. Read his account here.
An unfortunate end to Sikh policeman Sochot Singh. Read all about this 1908 case here.
Find out about the amazing historical detail hidden in photos of the first kongsi at Settlement. You can read all about it here.
I have just updated the webpage “The old hospital and the scourge of beriberi” I added two overlay maps showing where the original hospital buildings and wards were located. It is always great to know what was where when. I’m also excited to be able to share a never before seen photo of the beriberi hospital when it was a standalone building.
Read about the 1852 shipwreck off Egeria Point, Christmas Island and the rescue of three survivors. They were marooned on the island for nearly 2 months. You can find the story here.
I’ve just added two new short book reviews for: “Golden Leaves: An introduction to the Chinese Cemeteries of Christmas Island” and “We were the Christmas Islanders 1906 – 1980”. You can read them here.
The early mandors of Christmas Island and the events that lead to the murders of two of them in 1902. Read about them here.
Lewis Clayton’s Colonial Report No. 319, dated 1900, opens a door to the earliest days on Christmas Island. He covers all aspects of life at that time, but trouble was brewing on the horizon. Read his report here.
An excerpt from V.E. Mathew’s autobiography that focuses on the time he was on Christmas Island during the Japanese invasion and occupation. Read about his experiences and a very close brush with death here.
I have just added a new page into the menu of my website. It is titled “World War 2”. As many people are interested about this time in the Island’s history I thought I would put all the relevant articles, documents and stories, on this website, together on the one page. You can see them here.
Another entry has been added to the page “We were but sailing by – early impressions of Christmas Island” (look under July 1897). This time it is by the famous sailor Captain Joshua Slocum, who was the first man to sail solo around the world. He makes his observation of Christmas Island as he sailed by and also relates an earlier recollection. Read it here.
Here is a wonderfully riveting article, by Ian Foster, about a very dark and frightening time in Christmas Island’s history. Read it here.
The voices of the coolies on Christmas Island during the very early years of the 20th century remain largely silent. However, there is one exception and that is linked to the story of Dr James Cyril Dalmahoy Allan. Hear their voice collectively on a matter that was important to them. Find out what that was here.
More fascinating insights into the very early days of Christmas Island. This time by Dr James Cyril Dalmahoy Allan, who was first posted to the Island in 1908. His experiences are related in letters that he wrote and they would have to be some of the best accounts of Christmas Island prior to 1921. Read them here.
Sng Choon Yee relates the story of when he was sent to Christmas Island in 1917 as a young translator. He covers different aspects of his time on the Island, and his fascinating account opens a window so that we may look back to those early years. Read it here.
In 1926, Victor Purcell was appointed as District Officer to Christmas Island. In his book “Memoirs of a Malayan Official”, he devoted an entire chapter to his time there. Read the extracts from that chapter that focus on the lives and lifestyle of the people living on the island at that time. An engaging story of an island interlude.
Christmas Island was nearly bombarded by the infamous German auxilliary cruiser “Atlantis” (a commerce raider) in October 1940. Read Captain Bernhard Rogge’s log. A close call indeed.
Another entry has been added to the page “We were but sailing by – early impressions of Christmas Island“. This time the traveller passing Christmas Island in the late 1830s was a young man by the name of John Turnbull Thomson.
It’s interesting to read early first hand accounts of travellers as they passed Christmas Island. Here are some of them. I will be adding more in the future. You can read them here.
Why did the Commander of the U.S.S. Wyoming visit Christmas Island in 1863 during the American Civil War? Find out by reading this article. And yes! This refers to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean and not the other Christmas Island in the Pacific known as Kiritimati.
I have been very fortunate to be in contact with Sheila Macdougall, a first cousin, twice removed of William MacDougall, husband of Sarah. She has been able to give me information that strongly indicates a link as to how Sara and William would have met and the tie between their families. I have therefore updated the story of Sara Maude Robertson accordingly.
The 1907 grave of Sara Maude Robertson can be found in the Old European Cemetery on Christmas Island. Hers was the first burial in that little cemetery. She was a doctor, which was somewhat of a rarity for women of that era, so how did she come to be on the island? Was it to do with the beriberi epidemic? A search started with an erroneous narrative about her and led to a very interesting timeline of her life. Read all about this woman who was ahead of her time.
In a small graveyard on Christmas Island, known as “The Old European Cemetery”, is a headstone with the name William Joseph Ryan. Who was this man? How did he come to be on the Island and what happened to cut his life so short? Gillian Sandle, William’s granddaughter, spent decades piecing together her grandfather’s story culminating in her travelling to Christmas Island to visit his grave. Read her engaging account here.
A 1901 story of Christmas Island that was written by Alexander Macdonald in his book “In the land of pearl and gold; a pioneer’s wanderings in the backblocks and pearling grounds of Australia and New Guinea”. An interesting and colourful read from the most earliest days of Christmas Island. Macdonald tells of his experiences on the island including that of a run in with armed mutinous Chinese coolies who were justifiably upset. Find out why in this story.
A 1927 account of an unplanned visit to Christmas Island on the way to Singapore as told by Robert M. MacDonald. Amongst his observations of the island he mentions pirate ghosts and treasure. Read his story here.
Archaeologist, Helena van der Riet, completed her thesis “The Archaeology of the Japanese World War II occupation of Christmas Island” in late 2018.
She was able to locate 19 sites from the Japanese war time occupation (but there’s probably more to be discovered) and you can read and see all about them in her thesis document here. I’m grateful that Helena generously allowed me to share the PDF of her thesis on this website.
There was an adventuring American dentist in 1848 who felt the need for pistols, sword-canes, dirks etc when visiting Christmas Island. Find out why by reading the story here.
Two new newspaper articles about the British solar eclipse expedition to Christmas Island in 1922 lead by Harold Spencer-Jones. Could light bend? This was part of Einstein’s theory of relativity that they were going to test and they needed a full solar eclipse to do so.
I’m especially pleased that I have come across a wonderful photo of his telescope house that he had build at South Point. See it and read about the expedition here.
He was also accompanied by his wife Gladys. In this article we see some of the considerations she had to make whilst packing for the trip and what some of her expectations were. It would have been quite an adventure for a lady in 1922. Read it here.
Photographs of Japanese soldiers on Christmas Island, after their invasion on the 31st March 1942, are as rare as hens teeth. Therefore, I was really stoked to discover one in an archive. See and read all about it here.
Read all about a World War 2 English pillbox that is in Flying Fish Cove, in plain sight, but invisible. Find out more here.
I’ve just finished making a video slideshow about the early Chinese coolies on Christmas Island. The hauntingly beautiful music, I believe, is a Chinese folk song and aptly titled “River of Sorrow”. Also, I wrote a verse titled “Coolie Ode”. You can watch and read them here.
After examining two early maps of Christmas Island, one prior to 1908 and the other dated 1908, I’ve realised that the first hospital site on Christmas Island was actually located behind the present Barracks Shops and Police Station. From photos dating 1908, the hospital buildings appeared to have been badly damaged by a storm in that year. As a consequence the hospital site was moved to a presumably less exposed site now referred to (by old Islanders) as “the old hospital site”. I’ve updated “The old hospital page” to reflect this finding.
I have just updated the page about The Mandors’ Quarters aka “Virgin Castle”. Added is an early 1980s photo of the building before it was half demolished. Also some news about the future of the site that this ruin stands on as of February 2018.
A small Japanese ruin with steps that lead nowhere. What was this place? Read more about this site here.
I had a little bit of an exciting find whilst searching through the online archives of the State Library of New South Wales. I came across a watercolour painting of Christmas Island. Could this be the first painting of the Island? The monochromatic watercolour is dated 1830 and labelled as “Christmas Island near Java”. Read more about it here.
I have just completed a write up about two interesting newspaper articles on the one page as I believe they are related to each other. The first is the amazing story, from November 1958, of 300 thugs (gangsters) who supposedly went to Christmas Island after escaping a Singaporean police dragnet. When researching that article I came across the “Gangbuster” article that appeared just the month before. It was an article about Australia’s first appointed representative to Christmas Island, Donald Evan Nickels. He was a retired Singaporean Assistant Commissioner of Police but his background with regards to Singaporean gangs made me wonder. Was it a co-incidence that Nickels was appointed as Australia’s representative to Christmas Island when it was later reported that there was a large cohort of gangsters from Singapore on the Island? Summaries are made of the articles along with my observations and questions. Links are provided to the original articles. Read all about them here.
When I was on the Island I found a glass fragment from an old bottle with a partial stamp on it. Read more about it here and see photos.
Christmas Island is the only Australian territory to have been invaded by the Japanese during World War 2 (though it wasn’t an Australian territory at the time). What makes this newspaper article so interesting is that it is told in the words of a Japanese war correspondent of the naval press section who was there during the invasion.
The sight of the white flag thrilled our troops who saw through their binoculars that the flag was flying from the top of the piers and buildings.
What was life like on Christmas Island in 1946/47 just after the War and Japanese occupation? We find out through the perspective of a European woman, Gwen Pettigrew. Hers is an enlightening story explaining the norms of everyday life and other observations. She provides a window to look back into another era. You can read her story here.
“Suffering through strength: The men who made Christmas Island” by John Hunt. This is a fabulous book and I can highly recommend it. Read my review on the “Recommended reading” page.
I’ve just added an About page to my website. It explains my link to Christmas Island (I jokingly refer to myself as “the blow-in”) having not lived there in the past and how this website came about.
From the very earliest days up until 1995 there had always been a hospital on the same site in Gaze Road, Settlement. Over the years the buildings had variously been burnt down, damaged or destroyed by storms, rebuilt, and extended. In those very early years at the turn of the 20th century many of the Chinese coolies were admitted there suffering from beriberi; hundreds died. This article includes some magnificent photos of the very early hospital and two that put the human face to the scourge of beriberi. Read all about it here.
The Assistant Manager’s / Chief Engineer’s house was once a very substantial house but is now a ruin. In this article I write about my discovery and visit to this site. Included are historic photos showing how this house once looked in its heyday as well as a gallery of photos I took of the site in 2017. Read all about this fascinating place here.
An interesting historic site in the Settlement area is the Mandors’ Quarters (aka The Virgins’ Castle). The Mandors were the overseers of the Chinese coolie workforce. Only half the building is left and it is in ruins. Interesting photos are included showing the change and then decline of the building starting from 1930. Read all about it here.
Driving along Gaze Road toward the casino site and just past the old hospital (now holiday accommodation) is a small ruin set into the steep hillside on the right. It is so easy to miss as it blends into the undergrowth and hillside. It’s not very large and from the roadside you would never know what it is hiding. This article also includes a rather atmospheric video of the site. Read all about it here.
Was Lilliput, the fictitious island from the 1726 novel “Gulliver’s travels” by Jonathon Swift, based on the geographical location of Christmas Island? Dr Victor Purcell (1896 – 1965) seemed to think so. Read all about it here.